Nuclear power is not the answer

Some so-called environmentalists are perceiving nuclear power as one of the solutions to providing energy that is climate-friendly. It is even grouped together with renewable sources of energy as a viable option, and recently there was a huge debate in the EU about whether nuclear power and natural gas should be considered climate-friendly. In the end, the pro-nuclear countries – notably France – won out (much to the disappointment of various environmental NGOs and countries such as Austria and Luxembourg) and both forms of energy came under the EU Taxonomy legislation, allowing investors to label and market investments in both types of energy as “green”.

In the EU Taxonomy legislation, various provisos have been set for considering nuclear power as suitable for “green investments”:

• The member state in which the project is located must have operational final disposal facilities for very low, low, and intermediate radioactive waste;
• The member state must have plans in place for an operational disposal facility for high-level radioactive waste;
• As of 2025, existing and new build projects must use accident-tolerant fuel, which has been certified and approved by the national regulator.

Ahem!

Nuclear reactors globally are suffering problems or building delays – which is laughable when some countries, such as Sweden, envisage the building of nuclear reactors as a way to solve the energy crisis. Sweden had originally decided to decommission all its reactors by 2010, but that changed in the 1990s and new reactors were allowed to be built but only at preexisting nuclear sites. That also changed when the current right-wing government took power in 2022, Prime Minister Ulf Kristensson presented the new government policy in the Swedish parliament, saying: “… the Government will propose credit guarantees for new construction of Swedish nuclear power plants, alongside legislative amendments to enable new nuclear power production via shorter permit processes and administrative fast tracks, for example. The prohibition of new reactors in new locations and of more than ten simultaneously active reactors will be removed from the Swedish Environmental Code.”

But nuclear power is not a viable option, either in terms of safety, military interventions, waste disposal, or the time taken to build nuclear reactors. Neither is it carbon neutral when uranium mining, fuel enrichment and the like are taken into account. The plants also require constant cooling, which requires electricity.

“Truth has rarely been a friend to nuclear power and for that reason it hasn’t always been easy
to find accurate information about the industry’s vital signs”, says Stephanie Cooke in the foreword to the most recent World Nuclear Industry Status Report (WNISR), which was published in December.

Nevertheless, the WNISR is a wealth of information. In the UK alone, it says, 21 units are closed and awaiting decommissioning while only 9 units are operating. Meanwhile, construction costs for the two new reactors at Hinkley Point have escalated dramatically and the first reactor is not expected to come on line until 2027 at the earliest. Decommissioning nuclear reactors takes an average of 21 years, according to the report.

Small modular reactors, generally known as SMRs, are creating hope and optimism amongst nuclear power advocates. But, as the report points out, “… [I]n the western world, no unit is under construction, and no design has been fully certified for construction. The most advanced project, involving
NuScale in the United States, was terminated in November 2023 following a 75 percent increase of the cost estimate.”

Finland is a classic example of how building nuclear reactors is by no means straightforward. The report notes that the third unit at Olkiluoto was started in August 2005 and was supposed to become operational in 2009. However, it was not until March 2022 that it became connected to the grid. And that was not all. The unit “… continued to be hampered by ‘unexpected’ events like the untimely triggering of the boron pumps in April 2022″ and “foreign material issues observed in the turbine’s steam reheater” in May 2022”.

Olkiluoto reactor site. Credit: Wikipedia

Other issues hampered the plant’s operation, such as measurement errors in the voltage regulators, cracks in all the feedwater pumps and further delays, so it was not until April 16 2023 that the unit started producing power at full capacity.

Another reactor was supposed to be built with Russian technology in Finland, at Hanhikivi in northern Sweden, but – not surprisingly – this was cancelled in May 2022 after Russia invaded Ukraine.

By 2035, Finland plans to have decarbonized its energy system, with greatly increased usage of wind and solar – from 12.41 TWh to 30 TWh for wind and 0.3 TWh to 3.4 TWh for solar.

I suspect they will be less problematic and quicker to build than unit 3 at Olkiluoto!

Note that much of the above has been set out in a position paper by CAN Europe.

Update, March 1: According to a new report (in Spanish) by the Spanish anti-nuclear umbrella organization Movimento Ibérico Antinuclear, there has been an average of one incident every 11 days between 2019 and 2023 concerning malfunctions or maintenance errors in Spanish nuclear power plants – 164 in total – primarily in the Ascó reactors in Catalonia.

Update, March 21: At a meeting of the IAEA, Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, declared that nuclear power will become the “backbone of EU power production” by 2050. Oh dear! Luckily, not everyone agrees with her.

Youth and Agenda 2030

Young people are becoming increasingly active in the political sphere, at least in terms of environmental issues. The Fridays for Future student climate strikes, started by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg, have become international and are no longer limited to school students.

Both the Norwegian climate and environment minister, Ola Elvestuen, and the Icelandic environment minister, Gudmundur Ingi Gudbrandsson, say they will hold meetings with the organizers of the climate strikes in the spring. Iceland’s Prime Minister, Katrin Jakobsdottir, will also be involved in the Icelandic meetings.

Iceland set up a 12-person Youth Council last year that is aimed at spearheading the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs – also known as Agenda 2030) in Iceland, while a similar Youth Council exists in Finland. The Icelandic Youth Council has been very active; for instance, the team turned out in force at a conference for young people under 30, called Youth Leading a Sustainable Lifestyle, that was held in Reykjavik in April. Thunberg gave a short video presentation to the conference, the text of which is included in this article I wrote.

The Nordic Council of Ministers officially launched Generation 2030, a youth-centred programme that focuses on SDG 12 (sustainable consumption and production)  in September 2017, though preparations had started the year before, while Regeneration 2030 is for young people aged 15-29 who live in the Nordic countries or Baltic Sea states. It was one of the organizers of the April conference in Iceland, and will hold its second Summit in Åland in August, with the theme of Changing Climate, Changing Lifestyles.

In the European elections that have just happened, the Greens increased their share of the vote by about 38%. The turnout for the 2019 European elections was also higher than usual, and young people were said to have participated in greater numbers than before. Whether or not they voted Green is hard to say.

Electric cars on the rise in the Nordics

I went to the annual meeting of Orkustofnun, the Icelandic National Energy Authority, last week. Interesting. Two of the talks focused on electric vehicles (EVs) in the Nordic countries. A comprehensive report on EVs in the Nordic countries can be downloaded here.

Sweden and Iceland have both seen great growth in electric cars, but Norway is still the leader. However, publicly available chargers have not increased in line with the sale of electric vehicles. Though the majority of electric vehicle owners charge up their cars at home – 75% in Norway and 85% in Iceland – publicly available chargers are vital for those who travel long-distance and for holiday-makers who hire cars. The EU aims for one charger for every 10 EVs by 2020, and 4 million EVs on the road by 2030 which could save 8 megatonnes of CO2 equivalents. Denmark and Finland have already reached this target and Sweden is not far behind. Norway and Iceland, however, still have some way to go.

Exemptions on registration taxes are common in the Nordic countries. This helps to make them more attractive to consumers. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are preferred in Sweden, Iceland and Finland whereas battery electric vehicles are most popular in Denmark and Norway.

A recent survey showed that 43% of Icelanders would consider buying an EV in the future. Iceland is now installing more charging points, so it is now possible to drive around the island in an electric car without worrying about running out of battery. Because Iceland’s electricity is 100% renewable, the CO2 output of an EV in Iceland is virtually none.

Nevertheless, 40% of new cars in Iceland are bought by car rental firms. Icelanders then buy these cars as nearly-new a year or two later. These companies have been reluctant to take on vehicles using alternative fuels such as EVs, and thus the supply of these cars in the near future is likely to be limited.

Have the Danes learnt from Brexit?

Copenhagen

Thousands of British people are now waking up to the reality of what an exit from the EU might mean. There had been warnings before the referendum, but the Leave faction had also given warnings, not to mention empty promises.

Can people learn from this? Maybe. In Denmark, a company called Voxmeter carried out an opinion poll a week before the Brexit referendum and another a week after it. The results were clear: Before the referendum, 40% of Danes said they wanted a referendum similar to Brexit and 60% wanted to remain in the EU while only 32% wanted one a week after the referendum and 70% wanted to remain in the EU. Before the referendum, 22% of Danes felt that Denmark is better off in the EU but two weeks later this figure had dropped to 18.2%.

The same trend has been seen in Sweden and Finland. In Sweden, support for ongoing membership of the EU increased from 49% to 52% while in Finland 56% wanted the country to remain in he EU whereas this figure was 68% after Brexit.

Icelanders have faced the opposite dilemma: whether or not to join the EU. It would be interesting to see figures now, in the light of Brexit.